lean at wipro Essay examples - 8147 Words

9-607-032 OCTOBER 16, 2006 DAVID M. UPTON BRADLEY R. STAATS Lean at Wipro Technologies â€Å"We want to bring the next generation of lean thinking into our processes and weave it into our system so it will lead to a sustainable competitive advantage.† — Azim Premji, Wipro Chairman Sambuddha Deb (â€Å"Deb†), Wipro Technologies Chief Quality Officer and Head of Operational Excellence, and Alexis Samuel, General Manager Process, Tools and Productivity, each thanked the other attendees at the lean project review session and walked out the door together. The bright January sunshine and garden-like setting of the Wipro Technologies campus in Bangalore, India was a good match for their current moods. As they made their way to their cars†¦show more content†¦Revenue was distributed globally with the United States, Europe and the rest of the world accounting for 67%, 27%, and 6% of total FY2005 revenue, respectively. Over 95% of Wipro employees had degrees in science or engineering prior to joining the company. While the company was an outsourced provider of software services it worked on projects both onsite (at a customer’s location) and offshore (at Wipro facilities primarily in India). In 2005, the company completed approximately 75% of its work offshore and 25% onsite. Both cost pressure (work done offshore was relatively cheaper) and a shortage of work visas (particularly in the United States) were pushing Wipro to complete more work offshore. Wipro billed for its projects using one of two approaches. Its initial approach, known as time and materials (TM), involved billing a client at a pre-specified rate for the actual number of hours that its software engineers worked on the project plus the cost of any software or tools required. In the newer approach, known as a fixed price project (FPP), Wipro quoted its customer a guaranteed price for the work and then was responsible for delivering the final product. Any effort overages on a FPP were the responsibility of Wipro. In 2005, the company’s revenues were split approximately 80/20 between TM and FPP, respectively. The percentage of FPP was growing as clients were becoming more comfortable with outsourcedShow MoreRelatedAutomated Software Development : The Inspiration1344 Words   |  6 Pagesplatforms. Wipro observed that a lot of these projects were similar in nature and felt that they could offer common solutions with just some customizations and hence save up on costs. Wipro also wanted to consolidate the initial steps of engagement with their customers and wanted every small incoming project to go through a particular process rather than have a new process created around the requirements. This is when Wipro first felt the need to automate their software development processes. Wipro is aRead MoreLean Manufacturing And Six Sigma1657 Words   |  7 Pagescustomers. Lean Manufacturing and Six-sigma approach has been applied in diverse manufacturing processes which in-turn has contributed significantly in achieving continuous improvements. By utilizing these tools, organizations focus on maximizing their bottom-line successes apart from improving their top-line growth. However, many organizations face difficulties while imparting these tools in their sophisticated business models. 2. Lean Six-sigma Methodology 2.1 Lean Management in Toyota Lean principlesRead MoreA Successful Entrepreneur: Azim Hashim Premji6129 Words   |  25 Pageswas born on July 24th 1945 in Bombay (now Mumbai), India, to a Gujarati Khoja Ismaili Shia Muslim family. Azim H. Premji was born to M.H. Hasham Premji. His father M. H. Premji owned the Western India Vegetable Product Company (which later became Wipro Ltd.) which made hydrogenated vegetable oils and fats. His grandfather was the rice king of Burma. His father had declined an invitation from Muhammed Ali Jinnah to go to Pakistan. Premji attended St. Mary`s School I.C.S.E. in Mazagaon, Mumbai. WhileRead MorePorters 5 Forces2478 Words   |  10 Pages Porters Five Forces analysis for IT industry Wipro Technologies is a global information technology (IT) services company. It provides custom application design and development, IT consulting, systems integration, technology infrastructure out sourcing, software products and BPO services. Michael Porters Five Forces Model looks at five key areas- the threat of entry, the power of buyers, the power of suppliers, the threat of substitutes, and competitive rivalry. Threat of new entrants: NewRead MoreWipros Hr Strategy7823 Words   |  32 Pages INTRODUCTION Wipro Limited is a $5 billion Indian conglomerate. According to the 2008-09 revenue, Wipro is the second largest IT Company in India. Wipro Ltd has interests varying from information technology, consumer care, lighting, engineering and healthcare business. Azim Premji is the Chairman of the board. Wipro technologies provide integrated business, technology and process solutions on a global delivery platform. Wipro employ 100,000 people across 56 nationalities. Wipro Limited was incorporatedRead MoreEngineering and Technology975 Words   |  4 Pagesevents on and off the campus. I would further intend to perpetuate contributing to the community services while pursuing MS in Canada. I have had thirteen months of workplace experience with one of the premier software solutions provider in India: Wipro Technologies. The initial learning program gave me a colossal insight into the company’s visions of grooming the best software professionals. My specializations have been in SQL/PL-SQL development. In line with my work mission, I have completed myRead MoreLean Management2486 Words   |  10 PagesLEAN IN PRODUCTION AND SERVICE The word term ‘’LEAN’’ was put together to describe and personalize Toyota’s business activity during the 1980’s by a research team headed by one Jim Womack, Ph.D., at MIT’s international Motor vehicle programme. According to them, the concept of ‘LEAN’ was fathered by Taiichi Ohno of Toyota. Ohno developed a contrasting approach to the mass production methods of US car firms through necessity. Later, in 1996, Jim Womack’s team espoused the five lean principlesRead MoreSmiths Information Services, Inc. Is Entering Into Phase 1 Of The Corporate Overhead Reduction Program1710 Words   |  7 PagesData Center Restructure Purpose Smith’s Information Services, Inc. is entering into Phase 1 of the Corporate Overhead Reduction Program. This process is heavily driven by the implementation of the LEAN Six Sigma principals rolled out companywide 6 months ago. The first part of this process was to identify areas of opportunity to reduce waste and improve operational efficiency. The greatest area of opportunity that has been identified is the data center and the continual increased costs of maintainingRead MoreCloud Computing in Education3058 Words   |  13 Pagesupdated by Cynapse and hosted by Amazon, ensuring an infrastructure-free and worry-free Cyn.in experience. f) Wipro Technologies †¢ Base Location: India †¢ Cloud Offering: Wipro w-SaaS †¢ Cloud Type: SaaS Wipro has built w-SaaS, a platform for rapid SaaS enablement and deployment on cloud, using some of the commonly accepted trends in software engineering and open standards. Wipro chose Oracle (Oracle Database, Oracle WebLogic Application Server and Oracle VM) as the deployment platformRead MoreSix Sigma: Overview3392 Words   |  14 Pageslate 1990s, about two-thirds of the Fortune 500 organizations had begun Six Sigma initiatives with the aim of reducing costs and improving quality. In recent years[update], some practitioners have combined Six Sigma ideas with lean manufacturing to yield a methodology named Lean Six Sigma. Methods Six Sigma projects follow two project methodologies inspired by Deming s Plan-Do-Check-Act Cycle. These methodologies, comprised of five phases each, bear the acronyms DMAIC and DMADV. †¢ DMAIC

Political Correctness Infringes on our First Amendment...

Political Correctness Infringes on our First Amendment Rights Political correctness has become increasingly obvious in our daily lives. For example, the other day I attended the first meeting of the Frisbee Club here on the State University campus. During the meeting, we were discussing the fact we wanted shirts for this year, but we did not know what slogan to use. While in the brainstorming process, the slogan â€Å"Suck my disk† came out. At the time, the slogan â€Å"suck my disk† seemed to be better than sliced bread to a bunch of college guys. But as we were wrapping up the meeting, one person came out and asked, â€Å"How appropriate do you think this slogan is if we want to have a Frisbee clinic with the high school? I think parents†¦show more content†¦Smith was talking about capitalism and the necessity of competition; however this also applies to society’s political agenda. Different groups need to be able to compete for power without limitations on their language, action, and literature because such restrictions resemble censorship laws that oppress people’s ability to inform themselves as well as others. Not only does political correctness limit language, it limits competition between groups. For example the competition between the upper and lower class for power would cease if we were made to be politically correct. We need the upper and lower class for our society to function correctly. Without competition society can not thrive, and the philosophy of political correctness attempts to make people equals which effectively blocks individual success thus eliminating any motive to take the risks necessary to succeed. How can a person move up in this world with out stepping on others, and every time someone steps on someone else they will use methods or words that could be taken as politically incorrect. It is the nature of capitalism and democracy to have competing groups which ultimately leads to a separation of the bourgeoisie and proletariat or the upper and lower class. This is the greatest good a capitalistic democratic society can reach because the factions are not permanent; the members of each group are free to moveShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Article The Fox News Network 1327 Words   |  6 PagesNot only does political correctness limit free speech, it also fundamentally transforms the way we think by avoiding the topics that some simply do not want to discuss. Political correctness is raising serious questions at West Point, impacting students attending other colleges, and influencing individuals post-graduation. Was the cadet misguided in his decision to wear the sombrero? Had it been a civilian, the answer would be significantly more straightforward. The First Amendment to the ConstitutionRead More Freedom of Expression Essay1331 Words   |  6 Pages   Ã‚  Ã‚   One of the most controversial parts of the First Amendment of the US Constitution concerns freedom of expression. Some Americans, such as the Libertarians, feel there should be no censorship. On the other end of the spectrum are more conservative people, many religious, who believe there should be strict limits on what can be published. Most people would agree it is a bad idea to publish or put on the Internet the plans for homemade bombs, biological weapons, or other devices which mayRead MoreArticle Review : The List Created By The Runnymede Trust Runs2045 Words   |  9 PagesThe list created by the Runnymede Trust runs a stark parallel to the political and social happenings in this country and around the world. Anti-terrorism legislation in the United States, and to an even greater extent in other countries like France and Switzerland, has become a vehicle for Islamophobia and creates even greater hardship for Muslims everywhere. On a social level, the Runnymede Trust’s forewarning of Islamophobia becoming more respectable is actualizing. Intellectual Islamophobia inRead MoreFreedom of Speech at College2731 Words   |  11 PagesBill of Rights? The fact of the matter is that speech codes on college campuses are threatening students’ freedom of speech and the free exchange of ideas and therefore have no place in higher education. The  First Amendment  of the  United States Constitution  is part of the  Bill of Rights. The first amendment states, â€Å"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of theRead More Hate Crimes and The Mitchell v. Wisconsin Decision Essay example5764 Words   |  24 PagesHate Crimes and The Mitchell v. Wisconsin Decision The American Heritage Dictionary defines hate as intense dislike or animosity. However, defining hate as the basis for a crime is not as easy without possibly jeopardizing constitutional rights in the process. Hate crime laws generally add enhanced punishments to existing statues. A hate crime law seeks to treat a crime, if it can be demonstrated that the offense was a hate crime differently from the way it would be treated under ordinary criminalRead MoreCommercial Liens - a Potent Weapon Essay32374 Words   |  130 Pages | |(Applicable To The U.S.A.; Adaptable For Some Other Countries) | |Common Law Copyright, 1995 by Build Freedom Holdings | |All Rights Reserved. | |Notice: This document is free for personal use only. No part of these materials may be reproduced in any form -| |except for personal use - withoutRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesCredits and acknowledgments borrowed from other sources and reproduced, with permission, in this textbook appear on the appropriate page within text. Copyright  © 2013, 2011, 2009, 2007, 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form

Hospitality Management free essay sample

Reflecting from my management shift, restaurant manager has many different kinds of important tasks and responsibilities in the restaurant. Restaurant manager plays an important role in the hospitality and food and beverage department as they can motivate the staff and maintain the high quality service which will help the business run successfully. Manager can provide appropriate ambiance in the restaurant which will provide warm and comfortable environment for the customer. Waiter station and dividing sections of tables should be fully allocated before the start of service shift which starts 10:00AM. After that, checking staff’s five equipment (waiters friend, lighter, handkerchief, pen and note pad), and their grooming (hair, ironing uniform, socks, belt and name badge). In the first briefing time, restaurant manager has to explain required table-set up and finding any problem such as students who are absent. When I was restaurant manager, one waiter called in sick so I had to rearrange the table booking slots to make it fit 12 waiters instead of 13. This can make the service flow more efficiently. If I left the booking slots thee way they were, waiters would have needed to pick up tables in 10 minute gap. A manager should manage and check every time whether staff are doing the right thing. After food briefing, manager should check that all staff are familiar with the menu and kitchen abbreviations as well as the price for each dish. Thus, restaurant manager should lead their team smoothly and know all situation and happening in restaurant including kitchen as well. (Food Beverage Work Book, Feb 2013) Before doing the restaurant manager shift, I had confidence in myself because I prepared the table time slot sheet, linen order and table and station allocation the night before my shift. But once the service started, unexpected accidents happened such as waiter calling in sick. Also, because it was Thursday and nearly towards assessment night for many people, most of the staff was very tense and unmotivated. Trying to motivate the staff to work faster and efficiently was uneasy at first but I still liked having the responsibility and doing important roles that are unlike to the normal waiting staff, I believed I learned a lot of new knowledge and management skills. I also can confidently say if I become restaurant manager again I would be better than before. Effective duty allocation Restaurant manager: Joanne Suh Host: Pearl Douglas Role: Prepare butter, Prepare silver service cutlery and waiter clothes, Make sure the menu is correct and printed, Welcome the guests arrival, Book reservation for lunch and dinner service for guests. Cashier: Lucy Payne Role: Allocate waiter dockets, record the food and beverage orders on computer for each table and prepare the bill for each table, total and fill up the cash-up sheet and record any alcohol docket received each night. When it is signed by the lecturer, put the money envelop to front office. Room service: Jay Lee Role: Collect the sick list from front office, Prepare tray for room service, take room service order, deliver the food to the rooms, collect the tray back once the food is finished (Usually after 1 hour) which will be placed on the corridor. Bar team leader: Olivia Ann Role: Prepare the mocktail and cocktail of the day, make sure bar, coffee station, water jug, wine service and waiting area and linens are set up and ready for service. Provide drink to order during service including hot beverage. Come early in the morning 6:30am to order butter and milk and other needed items and order linens and others that need time to recover the night before the shift. Bar assistant: Dana Button Role: Help the Bar Team Leader set up the bar, coffee station, waiting area, water jug, and wine service. Provide the drink to order during service. Listen and follow the bar team leader’s instructions. Barista : Make hot beverages when you receive the order from the guest. Prepare the coffee work station neatly and correctly before service shift starts. Help and follow the bar team leader’s instructions when there are no orders. (Usually start of the shift. ) Staff meal: Guy Sinclair, Lit Wang Role: Prepare Breakfast, Take staff meal orders for service and management team, Set up staff meal, Clean up Taranaki Restaurant after shift. Help in the La Vista Restaurant when the jobs are finished. Waiter: Chloe Wang, Abbey Bowater, Noriko Fuji, Shannon Rochford, Marlee Mclaughlan, Nhung Tran, Ginger(Shanshan) Yong, Cindy (Xinshi) Yang, Chris (Trung Toan) Le, James Pitisopa, Hayden Woodbury, Krill This is the list for all staffs that had been worked in my team. Absent : Savneet Singh 2. 2Explain whether you think the allocation of the duties and tasks were helpful or destructive for the team and give your reasons why. I prepared most of the jobs that I should do on my management shift but what I had missed out on was plan what the â€Å"staff† should be doing on their service shift. I had to plan out which person will be doing which task on the spot. This has resulted me giving people jobs that they are not the best at. For example giving the vacuum job to a weak female staff. Also as the staff were allocated jobs that they do not like, they refused to do the jobs I ordered them to do or made excuses to do them later. This has slowed down the cleaning time of service. But because we were already in our 8th week of operation, most of the staff were already capable of doing jobs themselves without being told to do them. We finished a little later than my expected time at lunch shift which was 2:30pm. We finished at 2:40pm. This was due to customers dining in for a long time. We had three tables of industry placement interviewers. Delegation 3. 1 Making decision For the making decision, when I organised table planning I gave three tables for most people and four tables for a couple of people due to absent waiter on the floor. There were some tables already set up from the last dinner shift so I tried to allocate one set up table for each waiter to make them prepare and set up tables quicker and fair. Also I allocated the staff meal waiters to help the floor waiters when they finished preparing for staff meal to speed up the process and we can open the restaurant on time. Explain whether you think this was effective. Think about the theory. What could be done differently? When I allocated the jobs I asked people in a polite way with a soft tone of voice so the staff do not get to tense about the jobs that they have to do. I tried to be fair for example if someone did a hard job such as vacuuming La vista, I made them do an easy job afterwards like taking menu papers out from the menu. I also thanked the staff and especially the staff members who worked harder than others to acknowledge them their work. Overall I think my theory has worked out better than ordering them harshly what to do as it was my first time being the restaurant manager and staff are not used to it they might think it too personal if I order them to do jobs in a harsh way. But I think giving more volume to my voice and seriousness at time to time would have made the staff actually listen and do the jobs I allocated them efficiently. 3. 3 Identify shift outcomes and tasks. Describe how you achieved the outcomes required in this role. It very nice outcome after shift because I went to talk around with all customers. They told me that service was very good there were only few complaints about the food taste which the service team cannot control. Overall cleaning up was a little slow for lunch but everyone picked themselves up and dinner shift flowed through a lot faster than lunch. The staff members worked hard for both service and cleaning even though many staff members were stressed about the assessment week coming up and tired. I thank all the staff members and I think my first time being the restaurant manager, I did exceptionally well. Managing conflict 4. 1 Was there any conflict or disagreement in your team? Yes, between me and my bar team leader. Because bar team leader is also a type of manager as well as they manage the bar, I should have treated the bar team leader more like a manager and different from the floor staff but instead I ordered the bar team leader to do some jobs in the bar and that had made the bar team leader unpleased as the bar team leader obviously knew what sort of jobs needed to be done. But because I am still the restaurant manager for that day, I believe I had my part and reason to say the things I have said to the bar team leader. I didn’t want to make too much of a big fuss about this matter as whether or not there are customers in the restaurant it is still a working environment and restaurant manager should behave and look professional at all times or else staff and customers will look down on both me and the bar team leader. If yes, what was done to resolve this conflict? If not, why not? I resolved this problem by pretending to not hear anything that the bar team leader said behind my back. Because I thought if the bar team leader realise that I heard our relationship will become awkward. There was also dinner shift left and I really didn’t want to make any big deal out of this matter so I just pretended I heard nothing. This was a good resolution because afterwards she worked really hard and was a great bar team leader which made the service run more smoothly which was good for everyone and the restaurant possible. But later I talked in the briefing that if the restaurant manager tell you to do something do not ignore them or refuse and treat the managers like a real manager in a work place. 4. 2 What are some other options for dealing with the same situation? I believe motivating the staff and complimenting when the staffs finish their jobs can make the staff more willing to work and follow my orders. More motivated staff can give happy energy vibe to the workplace which will be transferred to the customer which will give warmer ambiance in the restaurant. 4. 3 Would you do thing differently next time you need to work with a team? For the next time that I have to work in a team, I would try to improve myself on delegating staff. I will make sure that everything in the restaurant such as preparations and second plans for times when something goes wrong again so I have a backup plan which will make me panic less. Also next time I will plan the job allocations for cleaning and preparations before service to be more efficient with time management as a manager. 5. 1 Identify a challenge or problem that occurred during your management shift. The biggest challenge I had faced was I had one waiter absent and I had 13 slots on my booking sheet that was made and finished last dinner shift. Waiters are supposed to serve each table with 20 minute gap. This made me very busy until the last minute of service and waiters were confused as their time for booking was all changed. It also confused both the waiters on floor and the management team. 5. 2 What was your response to this challenge? After ii had found out that one waiter on floor will not show up for service, I fixed the booking sheet and made the time slot 12 instead of 13. I put tables of two people together and called rooms to move the tables to a later time to make sure each waiter received 20 minute gap between each table so they had enough time to manage their tables on time efficiently. I had to reallocate some tables and stations to distribute the absent waiter’s tables and informed the staff. 5. 3 Analyse whether your reaction/response was effective and identify what you would do differently (if anything). I think in terms with the time I had, my decision was the most effective decision that was possible and best for my staff as well. If I gave tables in 10 minute break the staff will be more stressed about their time management and make mistakes on their sequence of service and have delays which will also be unpleasing to the customers as well. If I could change one thing I would make extra booking sheets for 11 waiters and 12 waiters even though I have 13 just to make sure and be safe. 5. 4 Have you identified any skills where you need to improve? What skill do you need to improve? I think I need to improve on leadership skills as I am not good at giving people commands and orders. Asking nicely could result staff refusing to follow my request. Also leading the team well so the staff are not lost and can reply on the manger is the kind of skill I need to improve on as well. Learning about yourself 6. 2What were your strengths leading the team? Figuring out solutions and making the service run fast and efficient as well as making the staff feel comfortable is my strengths in terms of leading the team. Because I found my way through problems fast and prepared for the service well, the staff trusted me and had felt comfortable. Even with extra barriers I still managed to make service flow fast. 6. 3Have you identified any areas where you need to improve? What areas do you need to improve? I think I need to improve how to be a good leader because I don’t think I have that quality just yet when I was a restaurant manager, Also I want to improve my eight management skill such as leadership, flexibility, adaptability, inventory management, conflict resolution, ability to work under to pressure, ability to multi-task, and organization skill. To be a successful manager, I need to improve all of this skill and learn from the mistake that I had got to achieve in the future. 6. 4Identify what remedial strategies you will put in place to develop the areas that are identified above. The eight management skill: leadership, flexibility, adaptability, inventory management, conflict resolution, ability to work under pressure, ability to multi-task, and organization skill and comunication. Statistic data At lunch shift, we had 126 customers coming to dine and our total food revenue was $1,962 and total beverage revenue was $2194 Hence, our average food check is $15.6 per person. It means that we sold entree and main food more than one person, which is good but it is not so good. Our team needed upselling skills at this moment. Thus, Total revenue should be $ but we received money only $ which means we lost $. The reason why this happen was that students did not pay properly and just left without paying, but it is very serious problem in real world and somebody should be to blame. That would be restaurant manager. Hence, I think that the statistic data show us how much money we make and can find the problems such as money stolen or not.

Marx And Weber Essays - Marxian Economics, Social Philosophy

Marx And Weber Both Carl Marx and Max Weber wrote extensively on capitalism, its origins, and its future. Although, they agreed on a few very small points, for the main part, they strongly disagreed. Only through the analysis of their main differences in the two ideologies can a stronger and broader understanding of capitalism be reached. Marx believed strongly in what he called dialectical materialism, that is, that everything is material and that change takes place through the struggle between classes. He believed that men make their own history and transform their natural habitat to fit their changing needs. ?Men begin to distinguish themselves from animals as soon as they begin to produce their means of subsistence. . . In producing their means of subsistence men indirectly produce their actually material life.? Throughout history men transform nature to make it better serve their own purposes. According to Marx, all societies go through five stages of history and capitalism is simply a necessary stage between feudalism and the final step of communism. The way in which men create their social organization is based on modes of production. Changes within these societies occur because as the mode of production changes, it no longer fits the present social organization (p. 157). Therefore, a new class and hence a new form of society emerges. During Feudalism merchants were inferior. Nevertheless, as cities grew the number of merchants grew as well. With their increase in number came an increase in economic power. When the state was unwilling to change to their needs, they formed a revolution resulting in capitalism. Weber has a different perspective on why and how capitalism came about. Rather than just focusing on how capitalism came about, he focuses on finding an answer to the question of why capitalism happened where and when it did. When he looked for differences in the capitalist cultures and non-capitalist cultures at the time he found that capitalism occurred at the same time as the Protestant reformation. The obvious next question for Weber was why was it the Protestant culture that led to capitalism. He found a large explanation within the difference between Protestants and Catholics. For Catholics, priests had the power to forgive you of your sins. Therefore, all that was necessary for you to do to get absolution was to confess your sins. For Protestants this was much more difficult. Because Protestant priests were only teachers, they did not have the luxury of simply confessing their sins. Protestants also believed that their souls were predestined to go to either heaven or hell. Nonetheless, Protestants felt that they could determine the status of their souls through their calling. As Weber describes on page 80, ?The only way of living acceptably to God was. . . solely though the fulfillment of the obligations imposed on the individual by his position in the world. This was his calling.? As Protestants worked in their callings, their God given field of study in which to work, the amount of success that they achieved was a sign from God as to the predestination of their souls (p. 162). For this reason, Protestants developed a wonderful work ethic. However, they were not allowed to spend the money that they earned. Instead they saved and invested it. Weber found this to be strong evidence that, ?One's duty in a calling is what is most characteristic of the social ethic of capitalistic culture, and is in a sense the fundamental basis of it? (p. 54). Weber also found that this work ethic was strong throughout all economic classes no matter what their individual callings were (p. 40). He found the division of labor that came naturally through capitalism to be a good thing. It did not lead to the separating of society into two very different and conflicting classes. Instead, it formed a number of different classes that were related to each man's life style and calling. Each man's God given calling was different from that of his fellow man because God intended it to be so. The division of labor led to the specialization of occupations and increased development of skills, which in turn caused an improvement in production. The division of labor therefore serves the common good (p. 161). Marx

Persuasive Speech on Distractive Behavior Essays

Persuasive Speech on Distractive Behavior Essays Persuasive Speech on Distractive Behavior Essay Persuasive Speech on Distractive Behavior Essay Essay Topic: Persuasive Title: Distractive Behavior Specific Purpose: To persuade the audience that distractive behavior while driving a car, which would include eating and taking on a cell phone, is dangerous and we need to learn to stop these activities. I. Introduction A. Attention-Getter: Automobiles have become the backbone of America, using them daily to transport us to and from point A to point B efficiently. B. Establishment of Ethos: I am certain that all of us have driven a car and on more than a few times while driving, you’ve eaten food, talked on cell phones and participated in what I call â€Å"Distractive Behavior. C. Preview of Main Points: My purpose is to show the dangers of participating in â€Å"Distractive Behaviors,† by giving examples and statistics and to hopefully get fellow drivers to reduce or cease these actions that put others in harms way. II. Need A. In today’s modern world, our lives are on a constant move and we have begun to use this time to do basic human needs such as applying makeup, eating and communicating. (Mcleod, Annette) 1. More than 20% of all automobile crashes are caused by driver distraction. Mcleod, Annette) 2. Cell phones are not all to blame. B. The need for change, when it comes to Distractive Behavior is non- Deniable, as it will only get worst as technology progresses. (Mcleod, Annette) III. Satisfaction A. While there are no clear-cut ways to rid the road of these dangerous behaviors, there are methods to deterring someone from participating in them. 1. In Columbus, GA, the local army base (Fort Benning) has banned the use of mobile phones while driving on post. 2. Stiff fines and penalty points towards the driver’s license would also be an incentive to hang up and drive. (Webster, Ben) B. Although it is impossible to completely kill some of these habits, like applying makeup and eating because it would be up to the driver to make the safer choice. IV. Visualization A. Try to visualize a road that is safer due to the fact that drivers are completely aware of surrounding and focusing all their attention the road before them. B. Some towns and states are putting in effect laws, which restrict/ ban cell phones while driving. It would be a dream to see these same laws spread across the country. V. Action A. We have all seen the accidents while driving down a road, but do you ever wonder how and why it happened. You can make a difference! 1. Hang up that cell phone. 2. Drive safer; eat your lunch at the house or in the office, not while driving to and from. B. If the people are not willing to hang up that call or put down that McDonald’s hamburger, laws could be put into effect, which would protect the driver and those around them. . Fines that gradually increase with each incidence can be put into effect. 2. Points on your driver’s license if the driver has broken the laws too many times would be another incentive. Mcleod, Annette. â€Å"Driven to Distraction. † 5 Aug 2007. 4 Nov. 2008 lexisnexis. com/ Webster, Ben. â€Å"Hands-free mobiles â€Å"just as dangerous† LexisNexis. 5 Apr. 2007. 4 Nov. 2008 lexisnexis. com/

Reflections on Versus

Reflections on Versus Reflections on Versus Reflections on Versus By Maeve Maddox The following sentence from an editorial about a money-saving measure taken by our local county government caught my eye: Its about cost-effective verses cheap. The misspelling of versus was the eye magnet, but then I started thinking about the use of the word itself. I dont hear the word versus or see it written out very often anymore. It may still have currency among sports writers, but I dont read the sports page, so I cant say. As a legal term, versus has been in the language since the 15th century: preposition denoting action of one party against another, from L. versus turned toward or against When I was in school, versus was commonly abbreviated as vs and italicized: McCulloch vs Maryland (1819) Miranda vs Arizona (1966) Now the usual practice is to abbreviate versus as v. and not italicize it: Roe v. Wade (1973) Gregg v. Georgia (1976) When it was still being written vs, the abbreviation was read as versus. Nowadays the practice is to pronounce the v as the letter name: Gregg [VEE] Georgia (1976) By now, many younger English speakers may be unaware that the v. in the name of a court case stands for versus. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the General category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Writing a Reference Letter (With Examples)80 Idioms with the Word TimeParataxis and Hypotaxis

E-business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

E-business - Essay Example The development of the websites is conducted to suit separate business needs pertaining to online applications. The website developers plan out the structural patterns of the website through maintaining a collaborative interaction with other potential departments of the company pertaining to the marketing, sales and operational sectors. Designing of the websites is done to help the business achieve both short and long term business goals through the optimum utilisation of the existing organisational resources. Again in terms of development of the website content the developers are required to have an open eye to the change dynamics in both the external and internal business sphere. This focusing on the change aspects helps the developers in continuously updating the contents posted to help in generating potential information to the large range of customers. Designing of website structures and contents also requires the web developers to conduct a total survey of external market condi tions so as to render attractive features in the page developed. Innovation and sophistication enabled in the webpage developed helps the products and services of the business concern to stand apart from its potential competitors in drawing more number of consumers. The codes developed for designing the websites thus must be continuously reviewed against the changes made in business policies and objectives to render enhanced productivity in such. Through working in a collaborative business sphere with large number of market research and business expert large amounts of potential data can also be collected to evaluate the potential of rendering such changes in the web portal (Taylor, Parish & Fiden, 2007,p.63-64). Development of the contents of the website to satisfy the needs of

The Importance of Accurate Language in Professions Essay

The Importance of Accurate Language in Professions - Essay Example Apart from educational qualifications, communication skills are mandatory for any kind of profession. Ardener indicates that in the field of anthropology, use of language cannot be alienated from success in the job (16). Anthropology requires accurate use of language among the interpreters of a particular form of language so that the message can be interpreted as much accurately to the targeted audience. It is recommended that anthropologists and career people in the field of anthropology be endowed with the linguistic ability of discerning the various language structures and categorization of various languages (Ardener 17). In this case, it is justified to argue that accuracy in communication in the field of anthropology must not be jeopardized by any means in the society. It is vital that all anthropologists be conversant with various linguistic structures of the languages they deal with in their course of

Howard County High School Students Have Their Say Essay Example for Free

Howard County High School Students Have Their Say Essay Lunch menus in public schools have changed significantly over the past several years. There is an increased national concern about the alarming number of school age children who suffer from obesity. Federal and state requirements have been difficult to achieve due to the complexity in satisfying the palette as well as public health concerns. Howard County, Maryland has joined with other areas to find a compromise between public policies and student satisfaction. John-John Williams, IV in his article, â€Å"Having a Say on What They Eat,† examines the efforts of the Howard County Public Schools in Ellicott City, Maryland. In response to a 2006 â€Å"wellness† policy, high school administrators were required to reduce the amount of high fat foods offered to students. Items such as french fries or anything resembling fast foods were excluded as suitable choices. In response, students protested with their pocketbooks by refusing to purchase certain cafeteria items. Howard County high schools lost thousands of dollars in much needed revenue and were forced to include student-consumers in the decision making process. Students enrolled in the Culinary Arts Program are making their voices heard at Oakland Mills, a high school in Howard County. The young male and female chefs hope to create dishes suitable for next fall’s menu. Students enrolled in the cooking class, much like many restaurant owners and professional chefs, are faced with the challenges of providing foods that meet national nutritional guidelines and at the same time manage cost and taste appeal. Students participating in the taste-test were required to prepare dishes that would meet the national guidelines of 750 total calories (110 of which could derive from fat), and150 grams of sodium at the cost of $1. 22. On April1, just a few days away, judges will select recipes from twelve high schools in five counties including Howard. One of the major problems for high school administrators has been student awareness regarding food preparation and nutrition. They explain the students’ culinary wisdom in terms of cable food networks and celebrity chefs. High school students’ tastes in foods have clashed with administrative obligations yet culinary program participants have found a productive means of influencing systemic and institutional change. There are a variety of sociological issues imbedded in the Howard County challenge. The context of the struggle is the public high school, a social and political institutional space that operates under certain federal guidelines and state budgets. The question of community and culture is a dominant theme as Howard County explores how best to address the concerns of multiple and diverse constituents. While the primary goal is to meet public health and nutritional guidelines, the underlying impediments to meeting these objectives have been both economic and cultural. In order for Howard County to be in compliance they must not only answer the question of health but must also find a way to establish a form of nutritional wellness that is both affordable and acceptable to students. For example, Erika Henderson, a senior from Oakland Mills High enrolled in the Culinary Arts class, stated that the food was distasteful because it was â€Å"cheap food with no seasoning† (Williams, IV 10). As a result, Erika decided to bring her lunch each day. Erika’s choice to pass on the cafeteria foods raises issues about class. Students from lower incomes may not have items to bring from home and, in many instances, rely on the cafeteria cuisine. At the same time, Erika appears to have been quite comfortable with preparing her own food. She had a particular notion about ingredients suggesting that the culture of her home allowed and encouraged food preparation and experimentation. In addition, the Culinary Arts Program created a subculture; a cohort of students who, perhaps, were more aware of the nuances of food preparation and trends than their peers. The culinary arts students were the most vocal in demanding that their recipes be taste-tested and, if successful, placed on the menu. Laurie Collins, Instructional Facilitator at Oakland Mills, insisted that â€Å"they will try something that [has been] prepared by their peers† (Williams, IV 10). With just days away from a decision, over seventeen-thousand students at Oakland may have a chance to have their way in terms of affordable, healthy, appetizing, and appealing choices for lunch whether it is the baked onion rings or apple slices. Realizing that it will be difficult to please everyone, all parties are optimistic about the fall menu. Howard County and the Oakland students have taken matters into their own hands by offering a realistic solution to what is a national and institutional problem. The students, through hard work and creativity, are cooking up their own taste of â€Å"wellness. † Works Cited Williams IV, John-John. â€Å"Having A Say On What They Eat: Howard Students Taste- Test, Prepare Own Candidate for Cafeteria Menu† The Baltimore Sun 22 March 2009: 1, 10.

Sigmund Freud :: Psychoanalysis

Sigmund Freud   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Psychoanalysis, method of treating mental illness, was Sigmund Freud’s most recognized work. In 1938, Freud was eighty-two years old and was forced to flee to London because he was Jewish. He died the following year with many accomplishments and went through plenty of hardships in his life time. That’s why Sigmund Freud has influenced American politically, socially, and ideology because he changed the country’s perception on how people think, dream, and the things they do.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sigmund Freud was born on May 6th, 1856 in Frieberg, Moravia. Which is present day Czech Republic. Sigmund Freud was the son of Jacob and Amalia Freud. Sigmund’s family was Jewish, the population of Frieberg was one hundred and thirty Jews, out of four thousand and five hundred ,and the rest were Catholic. During this time period Jewish people had to move to different countries because they were persecuted or had legal restrictions, banishments or slaughtered. That’s when the Freud’s moved to Tysmenite. This was popular for Jews and it was the center to Jewish learning and scholarships. Sigmund had two half brothers from his fathers first marriage. Then Sigmund Freud’s parents had another son and named after Amalia brother. The baby died the same way her brother did. After that she zoned away and didn’t take care of Sigmund. They hired a maid to take care of things. A couple years later, Jacob and Amalia started to have kids agai n. They had five daughters and another son. Little bit after that Sigmund’s father’s business collapsed and things started to fall downhill for the family.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sigmund Freud did outstanding in school, he received his medical degree from University in 1881. Before he became interested in the medical field, he wanted to study natural science and to solve challenging problems concerning scientists. Sigmund Freud was influenced by many people. Right after Sigmund finished school, he changed his career to a psychiatrists. Between 1885 and 1886 he went to work in a clinic in Paris with Jean Charcot. Then later in 1886 opened a private practice in Vienna. He devoted half an hour everyday to self-analysis. His psychiatric expanded when he became a professor at Vienna University. Sigmund’s first book was published in 1895, Studies in Hysteria, the co-author was Josef Breur. The next ten years of Sigmund’s life he was working with Josef Breur. In 1908, was the first international Psychoanalytic Congress developed.

Bridge Construction

LRFD Design Example for December 2003 FHWA NHI-04-041 Steel Girder Superstructure Bridge Prepared for FHWA / National Highway Institute Washington, DC US Units Prepared by Michael Baker Jr Inc Moon Township, Pennsylvania Development of a Comprehensive Design Example for a Steel Girder Bridge with Commentary Design Process Flowcharts for Superstructure and Substructure Designs Prepared by Michael Baker Jr. , Inc. November 2003 Technical Report Documentation Page 1. 4. Report No. 2. Government Accession No. 3. 5. Recipient’s Catalog No.Report Date FHWA NHI – 04-041 Title and Subtitle LRFD Design Example for Steel Girder Superstructure Bridge with Commentary 7. Author (s) December 2003 6. Performing Organization Code Raymond A. Hartle, P. E. , Kenneth E. Wilson, P. E. , S. E. , William A. Amrhein, P. E. , S. E. , Scott D. Zang, P. E. , Justin W. Bouscher, E. I. T. , Laura E. Volle, E. I. T. 8. Performing Organization Report No. B25285 001 0200 HRS 10. 11. 13. Work Unit No. (TRAIS) Contract or Grant No. 9. Performing Organization Name and Address Michael Baker Jr. , Inc. Related reading: Padma Bridge ParagraphAirside Business Park, 100 Airside Drive Moon Township, PA 15108 12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address DTFH61-02-D-63001 Type of Report and Period Covered Federal Highway Administration National Highway Institute (HNHI-10) 4600 N. Fairfax Drive, Suite 800 Arlington, Virginia 22203 15. Supplementary Notes Final Submission August 2002 – December 2003 14. Sponsoring Agency Code Baker Principle Investigator: Raymond A. Hartle, P. E. Baker Project Managers: Raymond A. Hartle, P. E. and Kenneth E. Wilson, P. E. , S. E. FHWA Contracting Officer’s Technical Representative: Thomas K.Saad, P. E. Team Leader, Technical Review Team: Firas I. Sheikh Ibrahim, Ph. D. , P. E. 16. Abstract This document consists of a comprehensive steel girder bridge design example, with instructional commentary based on the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications (Second Edition, 1998, including interims for 1999 through 2002). The design example and commentary are intended to serve as a guide to aid bridge design engineers with the implementation of the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications, and is offered in both US Customary Units and Standard International Units.This project includes a detailed outline and a series of flowcharts that serve as the basis for the design example. The design example includes detailed design computations for the following bridge features: concrete deck, steel plate girder, bolted field splice, shear connectors, bearing stiffeners, welded connections, elastomeric bearing, cantilever abutment and wingwall, hammerhead pier, and pile foundations. To make this reference user-friendly, the numbers and titles of the design steps are consistent between the detailed outline, the flowcharts, and the design example.In addition to design computations, the design example also includes many tables and figures to illustrate the various design procedures and many AASHTO references. AASHTO references are presented in a de dicated column in the right margin of each page, immediately adjacent to the corresponding design procedure. The design example also includes commentary to explain the design logic in a user-friendly way. Additionally, tip boxes are used throughout the design example computations to present useful information, common practices, and rules of thumb for the bridge designer.Tips do not explain what must be done based on the design specifications; rather, they present suggested alternatives for the designer to consider. A figure is generally provided at the end of each design step, summarizing the design results for that particular bridge element. The analysis that served as the basis for this design example was performed using the AASHTO Opis software. A sample input file and selected excerpts from the corresponding output file are included in this document. 17. Key Words 18. Distribution StatementBridge Design, Steel Girder, Load and Resistance Factor Design, LRFD, Concrete Deck, Bolte d Field Splice, Hammerhead Pier, Cantilever Abutment, Wingwall, Pile Foundation 19. Security Classif. (of this report) 20. Security Classif. (of this page) This report is available to the public from the National Technical Information Service in Springfield, Virginia 22161 and from the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C. 20402. 21. No. of Pages 22. Price Unclassified Form DOT F 1700. 7 (8-72) Unclassified 644 Reproduction of completed page authorizedThis page intentionally left blank ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We would like to express appreciation to the Illinois Department of Transportation, Washington State Department of Transportation, and Mr. Mike Grubb, BSDI, for providing expertise on the Technical Review Committee. We would also like to acknowledge the contributions of the following staff members at Michael Baker Jr. , Inc. : Tracey A. Anderson Jeffrey J. Campbell, P. E. James A. Duray, P. E. John A. Dziubek, P. E. David J. Foremsky, P. E. M aureen Kanfoush Herman Lee, P. E. Joseph R. McKool, P. E. Linda Montagna V. Nagaraj, P. E. Jorge M. Suarez, P. E.Scott D. Vannoy, P. E. Roy R. Weil Ruth J. Williams Table of Contents 1. Flowcharting Conventions 2. Flowcharts Main Flowchart Chart 1 – General Information Chart 2 – Concrete Deck Design Chart 3 – Steel Girder Design Chart 4 – Bolted Field Splice Design Chart 5 – Miscellaneous Steel Design Chart 6 – Bearing Design Chart 7 – Abutment and Wingwall Design Chart 8 – Pier Design Chart P – Pile Foundation Design Flowcharts Design Example for a Two-Span Bridge Flowcharting Conventions Start A process may have an entry point from more than one path. An arrowhead going into a process signifies an entry point.Unique sequence identifier Process description Reference Process A Design Step # Chart # or AASHTO Reference Unless the process is a decision, there is only one exit point. A line going out of a process signifies an exit point. Commentary to provide additional information about the decision or process. Flowchart reference or article in AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications Supplemental Information No Decision Yes Process Design Step # Chart # or AASHTO Reference Go to Other Flowchart FHWA LRFD Steel Design Example 1 Flowcharts Design Example for a Two-Span Bridge Main Flowchart Start Design Step 1General Information Chart 1 Design Step 2 Concrete Deck Design Chart 2 Design Step 3 Steel Girder Design Chart 3 Splices are generally required for girders that are too long to be transported to the bridge site in one piece. Yes No Are girder splices required? Design Step 4 Bolted Field Splice Design Chart 4 Design Step 5 Miscellaneous Steel Design Chart 5 Go to: A FHWA LRFD Steel Design Example 1 Flowcharts Design Example for a Two-Span Bridge Main Flowchart (Continued) A Design Step 6 Bearing Design Chart 6 Design Step 7 Abutment and Wingwall Design Chart 7 Design Step 8 Pier Design Chart 8 Des ign Step 9Miscellaneous Design Chart 9 Design Step 10 Special Provisions and Cost Estimate Chart 10 Design Completed Note: Design Step P is used for pile foundation design for the abutments, wingwalls, or piers. FHWA LRFD Steel Design Example 2 Flowcharts Design Example for a Two-Span Bridge General Information Flowchart Chart 1 Start Start Design Step 1 General Information Chart 1 Concrete Deck Design Chart 2 Steel Girder Design Chart 3 Design Step 2 Design Step 1. 1 Obtain Design Criteria Design Step 3 No Are girder splices required? Yes Design Step 4 Bolted Field Splice Design Chart 4 Miscellaneous Steel Design Chart 5 BearingDesign Chart 6 Abutment and Wingwall Design Chart 7 Pier Design Chart 8 Miscellaneous Design Chart 9 Special Provisions and Cost Estimate Chart 10 Design Completed Includes: Governing specifications, codes, and standards Design methodology Live load requirements Bridge width requirements Clearance requirements Bridge length requirements Material properties F uture wearing surface Load modifiers Design Step 5 Design Step 6 Design Step 1. 2 Obtain Geometry Requirements Design Step 7 Includes: Horizontal curve data and alignment Vertical curve data and grades Design Step 8 Design Step 9 Yes Design Step 10Does client require a Span Arrangement Study? No Includes: Select bridge type Determine span arrangement Determine substructure locations Compute span lengths Check horizontal clearance Design Step 1. 3 Perform Span Arrangement Study Design Step 1. 3 Select Bridge Type and Develop Span Arrangement Go to: A FHWA LRFD Steel Design Example 1 Flowcharts Design Example for a Two-Span Bridge General Information Flowchart (Continued) Chart 1 Start Design Step 1 General Information Chart 1 Concrete Deck Design Chart 2 Steel Girder Design Chart 3 A Design Step 2 Design Step 3 No Are girder splices required?Design Step 1. 4 Yes Obtain Geotechnical Recommendations Design Step 4 Bolted Field Splice Design Chart 4 Miscellaneous Steel Design Chart 5 Bea ring Design Chart 6 Abutment and Wingwall Design Chart 7 Pier Design Chart 8 Miscellaneous Design Chart 9 Special Provisions and Cost Estimate Chart 10 Design Completed Design Step 5 Includes: Boring logs Foundation type recommendations for all substructures Allowable bearing pressure Allowable settlement Overturning Sliding Allowable pile resistance (axial and lateral) Design Step 6 Design Step 7 Design Step 8 Yes Does client require a Type, Size and Location Study?No Design Step 9 Design Step 10 Includes: Select steel girder types Girder spacing Approximate girder depth Check vertical clearance Design Step 1. 5 Perform Type, Size and Location Study Design Step 1. 5 Determine Optimum Girder Configuration Design Step 1. 6 Plan for Bridge Aesthetics S2. 5. 5 Considerations include: Function Proportion Harmony Order and rhythm Contrast and texture Light and shadow Return to Main Flowchart FHWA LRFD Steel Design Example 2 Flowcharts Design Example for a Two-Span Bridge Concrete Deck De sign Flowchart Chart 2 Start Start General Information Chart 1 Design Step 1Design Step 2. 1 Obtain Design Criteria Design Step 2 Concrete Deck Design Chart 2 Steel Girder Design Chart 3 Design Step 3 Includes: Girder spacing Number of girders Top and bottom cover Concrete strength Reinforcing steel strength Concrete density Future wearing surface Concrete parapet properties Applicable load combinations Resistance factors To compute the effective span length, S, assume a girder top flange width that is conservatively smaller than anticipated. The deck overhang region is required to be designed to have a resistance larger than the actual resistance of the concrete parapet.Based on Design Steps 2. 3 and 2. 4 and based on client standards. No Are girder splices required? Yes Design Step 4 Bolted Field Splice Design Chart 4 Miscellaneous Steel Design Chart 5 Bearing Design Chart 6 Abutment and Wingwall Design Chart 7 Pier Design Chart 8 Miscellaneous Design Chart 9 Special Provisions an d Cost Estimate Chart 10 Design Completed Design Step 2. 2 Determine Minimum Slab Thickness S2. 5. 2. 6. 3 & S9. 7. 1. 1 Design Step 5 Design Step 6 Design Step 2. 3 Determine Minimum Overhang Thickness S13. 7. 3. 1. 2 Design Step 7 Design Step 8 Design Step 9 Design Step 2. Select Slab and Overhang Thickness Design Step 10 Yes Equivalent Strip Method? (S4. 6. 2) No Other deck design methods are presented in S9. 7. Design Step 2. 5 Compute Dead Load Effects S3. 5. 1 & S3. 4. 1 Includes moments for component dead load (DC) and wearing surface dead load (DW). Go to: A FHWA LRFD Steel Design Example 1 Flowcharts Design Example for a Two-Span Bridge Concrete Deck Design Flowchart (Continued) Chart 2 A Start General Information Chart 1 Design Step 2. 6 Compute Live Load Effects S3. 6. 1. 3 & S3. 4. 1 Design Step 1 Design Step 2 Concrete Deck Design Chart 2Steel Girder Design Chart 3 Design Step 3 Design Step 2. 7 Compute Factored Positive and Negative Design Moments S4. 6. 2. 1 Considera tions include: Dynamic load allowance (S3. 6. 2. 1) Multiple presence factor (S3. 6. 1. 1. 2) AASHTO moment table for equivalent strip method (STable A4. 1-1) No Are girder splices required? Yes Design Step 4 Bolted Field Splice Design Chart 4 Miscellaneous Steel Design Chart 5 Bearing Design Chart 6 Abutment and Wingwall Design Chart 7 Pier Design Chart 8 Miscellaneous Design Chart 9 Special Provisions and Cost Estimate Chart 10 Design CompletedDesign Step 2. 8 Design for Positive Flexure in Deck S5. 7. 3 Resistance factor for flexure is found in S5. 5. 4. 2. 1. See also S5. 7. 2. 2 and S5. 7. 3. 3. 1. Generally, the bottom transverse reinforcement in the deck is checked for crack control. The live load negative moment is calculated at the design section to the right and to the left of each interior girder, and the extreme value is applicable to all design sections (S4. 6. 2. 1. 1). Generally, the top transverse reinforcement in the deck is checked for crack control. Design Step 5 Design Step 6 Design Step 2. 9 Design Step 7Check for Positive Flexure Cracking under Service Limit State S5. 7. 3. 4 & S5. 7. 1 Design Step 8 Design Step 9 Design Step 2. 10 Design for Negative Flexure in Deck S4. 6. 2. 1 & S5. 7. 3 Design Step 10 Design Step 2. 11 Check for Negative Flexure Cracking under Service Limit State S5. 7. 3. 4 & S5. 7. 1 Design Step 2. 12 Design for Flexure in Deck Overhang S5. 7. 3. 4, S5. 7. 1 & SA13. 4 Go to: B FHWA LRFD Steel Design Example 2 Flowcharts Design Example for a Two-Span Bridge Concrete Deck Design Flowchart (Continued) Chart 2 For concrete parapets, the case of vertical collision never controls.B Design Case 1 Design Overhang for Horizontal Vehicular Collision Force SA13. 4. 1 Design Case 2 Design Overhang for Vertical Collision Force SA13. 4. 1 Design Case 3 Design Overhang for Dead Load and Live Load SA13. 4. 1 Check at Case Inside Face 1A of Parapet Check at Case Design 1B Section in Overhang Check at Case Design 1C Section in First S pan Check at Case Design 3A Section in Overhang Check at Case Design 3B Section in First Span As(Overhang) = maximum of the above five reinforcing steel areas Start General Information Chart 1 Design Step 1 Design Step 2 Concrete Deck Design Chart 2Steel Girder Design Chart 3 Yes Design Step 3 As(Overhang) > As(Deck)? No No Are girder splices required? Yes Design Step 4 Bolted Field Splice Design Chart 4 Miscellaneous Steel Design Chart 5 Bearing Design Chart 6 Abutment and Wingwall Design Chart 7 Pier Design Chart 8 Miscellaneous Design Chart 9 Special Provisions and Cost Estimate Chart 10 Design Completed Use As(Overhang) in overhang. Use As(Deck) in overhang. Check for Cracking in Overhang under Service Limit State S5. 7. 3. 4 & S5. 7. 1 The overhang reinforcing steel must satisfy both the overhang requirements and the deck requirements.Design Step 5 Design Step 2. 13 Design Step 6 Does not control the design in most cases. Design Step 7 Design Step 8 Design Step 2. 14 Compute Ov erhang Cut-off Length Requirement S5. 11. 1. 2 Design Step 9 Design Step 10 Go to: C FHWA LRFD Steel Design Example 3 Flowcharts Design Example for a Two-Span Bridge Concrete Deck Design Flowchart (Continued) Chart 2 C Start General Information Chart 1 Design Step 2. 15 Compute Overhang Development Length S5. 11. 2 Appropriate correction factors must be included. Design Step 1 Design Step 2 Concrete Deck Design Chart 2 Steel Girder Design Chart 3Design Step 2. 16 Design Bottom Longitudinal Distribution Reinforcement S9. 7. 3. 2 Design Step 3 Compute Effective Span Length, S, in accordance with S9. 7. 2. 3. Based on temperature and shrinkage reinforcement requirements. No Are girder splices required? Yes Design Step 4 Bolted Field Splice Design Chart 4 Miscellaneous Steel Design Chart 5 Bearing Design Chart 6 Abutment and Wingwall Design Chart 7 Pier Design Chart 8 Miscellaneous Design Chart 9 Special Provisions and Cost Estimate Chart 10 Design Completed Design Step 2. 17 Design Top Longitudinal Distribution Reinforcement S5. 0. 8. 2 Design Step 5 Design Step 6 Design Step 2. 18 Design Longitudinal Reinforcement over Piers Design Step 7 Design Step 8 Design Step 9 Yes Continuous steel girders? No Design Step 10 For simple span precast girders made continuous for live load, design top longitudinal reinforcement over piers according to S5. 14. 1. 2. 7. For continuous steel girders, design top longitudinal reinforcement over piers according to S6. 10. 3. 7. Design Step 2. 19 Draw Schematic of Final Concrete Deck Design Return to Main Flowchart FHWA LRFD Steel Design Example 4 FlowchartsDesign Example for a Two-Span Bridge Steel Girder Design Flowchart Chart 3 Start Includes project specific design criteria (such as span configuration, girder configuration, initial spacing of cross frames, material properties, and deck slab design) and design criteria from AASHTO (such as load factors, resistance factors, and multiple presence factors). Start General Information C hart 1 Concrete Deck Design Chart 2 Design Step 1 Design Step 3. 1 Obtain Design Criteria Design Step 2 Design Step 3 Steel Girder Design Chart 3 No Are girder splices required? Yes Design Step 4Bolted Field Splice Chart 4 Miscellaneous Steel Design Chart 5 Bearing Design Chart 6 Abutment and Wingwall Design Chart 7 Pier Design Chart 8 Miscellaneous Design Chart 9 Special Provisions and Cost Estimate Chart 10 Design Completed A Design Step 3. 2 Select Trial Girder Section Design Step 5 Design Step 6 Design Step 7 Design Step 8 Design Step 9 Yes Composite section? No Considerations include: Sequence of loading (S6. 10. 3. 1. 1a) Effective flange width (S4. 6. 2. 6) Design Step 10 Design Step 3. 3 Compute Section Properties for Composite Girder S6. 10. 3. 1Design Step 3. 3 Compute Section Properties for Noncomposite Girder S6. 10. 3. 3 Go to: B FHWA LRFD Steel Design Example 1 Flowcharts Design Example for a Two-Span Bridge Steel Girder Design Flowchart (Continued) Chart 3 B Includes component dead load (DC) and wearing surface dead load (DW). Start General Information Chart 1 Concrete Deck Design Chart 2 Design Step 3. 4 Compute Dead Load Effects S3. 5. 1 Design Step 1 Design Step 2 Design Step 3 Steel Girder Design Chart 3 Design Step 3. 5 Compute Live Load Effects S3. 6. 1 Considerations include: LL distribution factors (S4. . 2. 2) Dynamic load allowance (S3. 6. 2. 1) Includes load factors and load combinations for strength, service, and fatigue limit states. Considerations include: General proportions (6. 10. 2. 1) Web slenderness (6. 10. 2. 2) Flange proportions (6. 10. 2. 3) Go to: A No Are girder splices required? Yes Design Step 4 Bolted Field Splice Chart 4 Miscellaneous Steel Design Chart 5 Bearing Design Chart 6 Abutment and Wingwall Design Chart 7 Pier Design Chart 8 Miscellaneous Design Chart 9 Special Provisions and Cost Estimate Chart 10 Design Completed Design Step 3. Combine Load Effects S3. 4. 1 Design Step 5 Design Step 6 Design Step 7 Design Step 3. 7 Check Section Proportion Limits S6. 10. 2 Design Step 8 Design Step 9 Design Step 10 Are section proportions adequate? Yes Go to: C No FHWA LRFD Steel Design Example 2 Flowcharts Design Example for a Two-Span Bridge Start General Information Chart 1 Concrete Deck Design Chart 2 Steel Girder Design Flowchart (Continued) Chart 3 Design Step 1 Design Step 2 C Design Step 3 Steel Girder Design Chart 3 No Are girder splices required? Yes No Composite section? Yes Design Step 4Bolted Field Splice Chart 4 Miscellaneous Steel Design Chart 5 Bearing Design Chart 6 Abutment and Wingwall Design Chart 7 Pier Design Chart 8 Miscellaneous Design Chart 9 Special Provisions and Cost Estimate Chart 10 Design Completed Design Step 5 Design Step 3. 8 Compute Plastic Moment Capacity S6. 10. 3. 1. 3 & Appendix A6. 1 Considerations include: Web slenderness Compression flange slenderness (N only) Compression flange bracing (N only) Ductility (P only) Plastic forces and neutral axis (P only) Des ign for Flexure Strength Limit State S6. 10. (Flexural resistance in terms of stress) Considerations include: Computations at end panels and interior panels for stiffened or partially stiffened girders Computation of shear resistance Check D/tw for shear Check web fatigue stress (S6. 10. 6. 4) Check handling requirements Check nominal shear resistance for constructability (S6. 10. 3. 2. 3) Design Step 6 Design Step 7 Design Step 8 Design Step 9 D Design Step 3. 9 Determine if Section is Compact or Noncompact S6. 10. 4. 1 Design Step 10 Yes Design for Flexure Strength Limit State S6. 10. 4 (Flexural resistance in terms of moment) Compact section? No Design Step 3. 10 Design Step 3. 0 Design Step 3. 11 Design for Shear S6. 10. 7 Note: P denotes Positive Flexure. N denotes Negative Flexure. Go to: E FHWA LRFD Steel Design Example 3 Flowcharts Design Example for a Two-Span Bridge Steel Girder Design Flowchart (Continued) Chart 3 E No Transverse intermediate stiffeners? If no stiffeners are used, then the girder must be designed for shear based on the use of an unstiffened web. Design includes: Select single-plate or double-plate Compute projecting width, moment of inertia, and area Check slenderness requirements (S6. 10. 8. 1. 2) Check stiffness requirements (S6. 10. 8. 1. 3) Check strength requirements (S6. 0. 8. 1. 4) If no longitudinal stiffeners are used, then the girder must be designed for shear based on the use of either an unstiffened or a transversely stiffened web, as applicable. Design includes: Determine required locations Select stiffener sizes Compute projecting width and moment of inertia Check slenderness requirements Check stiffness requirements Yes Start General Information Chart 1 Concrete Deck Design Chart 2 Design Step 1 Design Step 3. 12 Design Transverse Intermediate Stiffeners S6. 10. 8. 1 Design Step 2 Design Step 3 Steel Girder Design Chart 3 No Are girder splices required? Yes Design Step 4Bolted Field Splice Chart 4 Miscellaneous Steel Design Chart 5 Bearing Design Chart 6 Abutment and Wingwall Design Chart 7 Pier Design Chart 8 Miscellaneous Design Chart 9 Special Provisions and Cost Estimate Chart 10 Design Completed No Longitudinal stiffeners? Design Step 5 Design Step 6 Yes Design Step 7 Design Step 8 Design Step 3. 13 Design Longitudinal Stiffeners S6. 10. 8. 3 Design Step 9 Design Step 10 Go to: F FHWA LRFD Steel Design Example 4 Flowcharts Design Example for a Two-Span Bridge Steel Girder Design Flowchart (Continued) Chart 3 F No Is stiffened web most cost effective? Yes Use unstiffened web in steel girder design.Use stiffened web in steel girder design. Start General Information Chart 1 Concrete Deck Design Chart 2 Design Step 1 Design Step 2 Design Step 3. 14 Design Step 3 Steel Girder Design Chart 3 Design for Flexure Fatigue and Fracture Limit State S6. 6. 1. 2 & S6. 10. 6 No Are girder splices required? Yes Check: Fatigue load (S3. 6. 1. 4) Load-induced fatigue (S6. 6. 1. 2) Fatigue requirements for we bs (S6. 10. 6) Distortion induced fatigue Fracture Compute: Live load deflection (optional) (S2. 5. 2. 6. 2) Permanent deflection (S6. 10. 5) Check: Web slenderness Compression flange slenderness Compression flange bracing ShearDesign Step 4 Bolted Field Splice Chart 4 Miscellaneous Steel Design Chart 5 Bearing Design Chart 6 Abutment and Wingwall Design Chart 7 Pier Design Chart 8 Miscellaneous Design Chart 9 Special Provisions and Cost Estimate Chart 10 Design Completed Design Step 5 Design Step 3. 15 Design for Flexure Service Limit State S2. 5. 2. 6. 2 & S6. 10. 5 Design Step 6 Design Step 7 Design Step 8 Design Step 3. 16 Design for Flexure Constructibility Check S6. 10. 3. 2 Design Step 9 Design Step 10 Go to: G FHWA LRFD Steel Design Example 5 Flowcharts Design Example for a Two-Span Bridge Steel Girder Design Flowchart (Continued) Chart 3 GStart General Information Chart 1 Concrete Deck Design Chart 2 Design Step 3. 17 Check Wind Effects on Girder Flanges S6. 10. 3. 5 Design Step 1 Refer to Design Step 3. 9 for determination of compact or noncompact section. Design Step 2 Design Step 3 Steel Girder Design Chart 3 No Are girder splices required? Yes Design Step 4 Bolted Field Splice Chart 4 Miscellaneous Steel Design Chart 5 Bearing Design Chart 6 Abutment and Wingwall Design Chart 7 Pier Design Chart 8 Miscellaneous Design Chart 9 Special Provisions and Cost Estimate Chart 10 Design Completed Have all positive and negative flexure design sections been checked?No Go to: D (and repeat flexural checks) Design Step 5 Yes Design Step 6 Design Step 7 Design Step 8 Were all specification checks satisfied, and is the girder optimized? No Go to: A Design Step 9 Design Step 10 Yes Design Step 3. 18 Draw Schematic of Final Steel Girder Design Return to Main Flowchart FHWA LRFD Steel Design Example 6 Flowcharts Design Example for a Two-Span Bridge Bolted Field Splice Design Flowchart Chart 4 Start Includes: Splice location Girder section properties Material and bo lt properties Start General Information Chart 1 Concrete Deck Design Chart 2 Steel Girder Design Chart 3Design Step 4. 1 Obtain Design Criteria Design Step 1 Design Step 2 Design Step 3 Design Step 4. 2 Select Girder Section as Basis for Field Splice Design S6. 13. 6. 1. 1 Design bolted field splice based on the smaller adjacent girder section (S6. 13. 6. 1. 1). No Are girder splices required? Yes Design Step 4 Bolted Field Splice Design Chart 4 Miscellaneous Steel Design Chart 5 Bearing Design Chart 6 Abutment and Wingwall Design Chart 7 Pier Design Chart 8 Miscellaneous Design Chart 9 Special Provisions and Cost Estimate Chart 10 Design Completed Left Design Step 5 Which adjacent girder section is smaller? RightDesign Step 6 Design Step 7 Design Step 8 Design bolted field splice based on left adjacent girder section properties. Design bolted field splice based on right adjacent girder section properties. Design Step 9 Design Step 10 Design Step 4. 3 Compute Flange Splice Design Lo ads 6. 13. 6. 1. 4c Includes: Girder moments Strength stresses and forces Service stresses and forces Fatigue stresses and forces Controlling and noncontrolling flange Construction moments and shears Go to: A FHWA LRFD Steel Design Example 1 Flowcharts Design Example for a Two-Span Bridge Bolted Field Splice Design Flowchart (Continued) Chart 4Check: Yielding / fracture of splice plates Block shear rupture resistance (S6. 13. 4) Shear of flange bolts Slip resistance Minimum spacing (6. 13. 2. 6. 1) Maximum spacing for sealing (6. 13. 2. 6. 2) Maximum pitch for stitch bolts (6. 13. 2. 6. 3) Edge distance (6. 13. 2. 6. 6) Bearing at bolt holes (6. 13. 2. 9) Fatigue of splice plates (6. 6. 1) Control of permanent deflection (6. 10. 5. 2) A Design Step 4. 4 Design Bottom Flange Splice 6. 13. 6. 1. 4c Start General Information Chart 1 Concrete Deck Design Chart 2 Steel Girder Design Chart 3 Design Step 1 Design Step 2 Design Step 3 No Are girder splices required?Design Step 4. 5 Yes Desi gn Top Flange Splice S6. 13. 6. 1. 4c Check: Refer to Design Step 4. 4 Design Step 4 Bolted Field Splice Design Chart 4 Miscellaneous Steel Design Chart 5 Bearing Design Chart 6 Abutment and Wingwall Design Chart 7 Pier Design Chart 8 Miscellaneous Design Chart 9 Special Provisions and Cost Estimate Chart 10 Design Completed Design Step 5 Design Step 6 Design Step 4. 6 Design Step 7 Compute Web Splice Design Loads S6. 13. 6. 1. 4b Design Step 8 Check: Girder shear forces Shear resistance for strength Web moments and horizontal force resultants for strength, service and fatigueDesign Step 9 Design Step 10 Go to: B FHWA LRFD Steel Design Example 2 Flowcharts Design Example for a Two-Span Bridge Bolted Field Splice Design Flowchart (Continued) Chart 4 B Check: Bolt shear strength Shear yielding of splice plate (6. 13. 5. 3) Fracture on the net section (6. 13. 4) Block shear rupture resistance (6. 13. 4) Flexural yielding of splice plates Bearing resistance (6. 13. 2. 9) Fatigue of spli ce plates (6. 6. 1. 2. 2) Both the top and bottom flange splices must be designed, and they are designed using the same procedures.Are both the top and bottom flange splice designs completed? No Go to: A Design Step 4. 7 Start General Information Chart 1 Concrete Deck Design Chart 2 Steel Girder Design Chart 3 Design Step 1 Design Web Splice S6. 13. 6. 1. 4b Design Step 2 Design Step 3 No Are girder splices required? Yes Design Step 4 Bolted Field Splice Design Chart 4 Miscellaneous Steel Design Chart 5 Bearing Design Chart 6 Abutment and Wingwall Design Chart 7 Pier Design Chart 8 Miscellaneous Design Chart 9 Special Provisions and Cost Estimate Chart 10 Design Completed Design Step 5 Design Step 6 Design Step 7Yes Design Step 8 Design Step 9 Design Step 10 Do all bolt patterns satisfy all specifications? No Go to: A Yes Design Step 4. 8 Draw Schematic of Final Bolted Field Splice Design Return to Main Flowchart FHWA LRFD Steel Design Example 3 Flowcharts Design Example for a Two-S pan Bridge Miscellaneous Steel Design Flowchart Chart 5 Start No Start General Information Chart 1 Concrete Deck Design Chart 2 Steel Girder Design Chart 3 Composite section? For a composite section, shear connectors are required to develop composite action between the steel girder and the concrete deck.Design includes: Shear connector details (type, length, diameter, transverse spacing, cover, penetration, and pitch) Design for fatigue resistance (S6. 10. 7. 4. 2) Check for strength limit state (positive and negative flexure regions) (S6. 10. 7. 4. 4) Design includes: Determine required locations (abutments and interior supports) Select stiffener sizes and arrangement Compute projecting width and effective section Check bearing resistance Check axial resistance Check slenderness requirements (S6. 9. 3) Check nominal compressive resistance (S6. 9. 2. 1 and S6. 9. 4. ) Design Step 1 Yes Design Step 2 Design Step 3 No Are girder splices required? Design Step 5. 1 Yes Design Shear Conn ectors S6. 10. 7. 4 Design Step 4 Bolted Field Splice Chart 4 Design Step 5 Miscellaneous Steel Design Chart 5 Bearing Design Chart 6 Abutment and Wingwall Design Chart 7 Pier Design Chart 8 Miscellaneous Design Chart 9 Special Provisions and Cost Estimate Chart 10 Design Completed Design Step 6 Design Step 7 Design Step 8 Design Step 9 Design Step 5. 2 Design Bearing Stiffeners S6. 10. 8. 2 Design Step 10 Go to: A FHWA LRFD Steel Design Example 1Flowcharts Design Example for a Two-Span Bridge Miscellaneous Steel Design Flowchart (Continued) Chart 5 A Start General Information Chart 1 Concrete Deck Design Chart 2 Steel Girder Design Chart 3 Design Step 1 Design Design Welded Connections Step 5. 3 S6. 13. 3 Design Step 2 Design Step 3 Design includes: Determine required locations Determine weld type Compute factored resistance (tension, compression, and shear) Check effective area (required and minimum) Check minimum effective length requirements To determine the need for diaphragms or cross frames, refer to S6. . 4. 1. No Are girder splices required? Yes Design Step 4 Bolted Field Splice Chart 4 No Are diaphragms or cross frames required? Design Step 5 Miscellaneous Steel Design Chart 5 Bearing Design Chart 6 Abutment and Wingwall Design Chart 7 Pier Design Chart 8 Miscellaneous Design Chart 9 Special Provisions and Cost Estimate Chart 10 Design Completed Design Step 6 Yes Design Step 7 Design Step 8 Design Step 9 Design Step 10 Design Step 5. 4 Design Cross-frames S6. 7. 4 Go to: BDesign includes: Obtain required locations and spacing (determined during girder design) Design cross frames over supports and intermediate cross frames Check transfer of lateral wind loads Check stability of girder compression flanges during erection Check distribution of vertical loads applied to structure Design cross frame members Design connections FHWA LRFD Steel Design Example 2 Flowcharts Design Example for a Two-Span Bridge Miscellaneous Steel Design Flowchart (Continued) C hart 5 B Start General Information Chart 1 Concrete Deck Design Chart 2 Steel Girder Design Chart 3 Design Step 1 No Is lateral bracing required?To determine the need for lateral bracing, refer to S6. 7. 5. 1. Design Step 2 Design Step 3 Yes No Are girder splices required? Yes Design Step 4 Bolted Field Splice Chart 4 Design Step 5. 5 Design Lateral Bracing S6. 7. 5 Design Step 5 Miscellaneous Steel Design Chart 5 Bearing Design Chart 6 Abutment and Wingwall Design Chart 7 Pier Design Chart 8 Miscellaneous Design Chart 9 Special Provisions and Cost Estimate Chart 10 Design Completed Design includes: Check transfer of lateral wind loads Check control of deformation during erection and placement of deck Design bracing members Design connections Design Step 6Design Step 7 Design Step 8 Design Step 9 Design Step 5. 6 Compute Girder Camber S6. 7. 2 Design Step 10 Return to Main Flowchart Compute the following camber components: Camber due to dead load of structural steel Camber due to de ad load of concrete deck Camber due to superimposed dead load Camber due to vertical profile Residual camber (if any) Total camber FHWA LRFD Steel Design Example 3 Flowcharts Design Example for a Two-Span Bridge Bearing Design Flowchart Chart 6 Start Includes: Movement (longitudinal and transverse) Rotation (longitudinal, transverse, and vertical) Loads (longitudinal, transverse, and vertical)Start General Information Chart 1 Concrete Deck Design Chart 2 Steel Girder Design Chart 3 Design Step 6. 1 Obtain Design Criteria Design Step 1 Design Step 2 Design Step 3 No Are girder splices required? Yes Design Step 6. 2 Select Optimum Bearing Type S14. 6. 2 See list of bearing types and selection criteria in AASHTO Table 14. 6. 2-1. Design Step 4 Bolted Field Splice Chart 4 Miscellaneous Steel Design Chart 5 Design Step 5 Design Step 6 Bearing Design Chart 6 Abutment and Wingwall Design Chart 7 Pier Design Chart 8 Miscellaneous Design Chart 9 Special Provisions and Cost Estimate Chart 10 Design CompletedSteelreinforced elastomeric bearing? No Design selected bearing type in accordance with S14. 7. Includes: Pad length Pad width Thickness of elastomeric layers Number of steel reinforcement layers Thickness of steel reinforcement layers Edge distance Material properties Method A usually results in a bearing with a lower capacity than Method B. However, Method B requires additional testing and quality control (SC14. 7. 5. 1). Note: Method A is described in S14. 7. 6. Method B is described in S14. 7. 5. Design Step 7 Yes Design Step 8 Design Step 9 A

Two Hotels

What Is the overlap between operations, marketing and product/service development at Acme Whistles? The simple answer to this question Is, There Is a very significant overlap between these functions'. The underlying question is Why? Partly, the reason is size. As Simon Ottoman says in the example, small companies cannot afford specialist functions so at a managerial level everyone does everything to some extent. This becomes especially true when the boss of the company Is also the owner, It Is literally his own money that Is being spent when creating any new managerial oleos.Partly also the tradition and competitive stance of the company has an influence. This is a company that competes on quality and innovation. Both these things rely on informal communications within the organization and a fast moving, agile ability to checkout and Implement new Ideas. Oxford 1 What are the main issues facing Sofa's operations managers? Broadly, Oxford will have the same issues as any other operati on. They must define their strategic objectives, design appropriate processes that deliver appropriate services, plan and intro those processes, and continually adapt and improve how they deliver their services.But they also have some particularly difficult challenges because of their status as an emergency and caring organization. They must provide a global service. By deflation, Sofa's scope of operations Is global. Anywhere a disaster Is likely to strike could receive the attention of the charity. However, much of Sofa's work Is not concerned with the high profile disaster relief side of its business, but rather the ongoing community development projects it undertakes. Most of these projects will e in the poorer, less developed parts of the world.The Implication of this is that, from an operations point of view, services must be delivered without an assumed level of infrastructural support. The ability to adapt development methodologies to such circumstances would be a key operat ions task. Another aspect of globalization for Oxford concerns the coordination of expertise. Experts, either in development or disaster relief, may be located anywhere In the world. The task of understanding and coordinating this pool of potential help must be a major operations task. It will rely on maintaining a database of expertise and on the ability to deploy it, sometimes at short notice.They must be environmentally ethical. To Oxford, the concept of environmental management must be tackled at two levels. The most obvious one Is that environmental awareness is an ‘output' from the charity operations. In other words, environmental management, to some extent, is one of the operation's products'. It will engage in lobbying governments and non-governmental agencies to achieve Its alms of greater environmental sustainability. However, there Is also another related Issue. Sofa's operations themselves must also be environmentally sound.Agricultural projects, for example, must be managed to ensure that there is 1 OFF local pressures to do so. They must be socially responsible. Again, this is one of those issues, which is both an output from the operation and an objective for the way it runs its own operations. A key issue here must be the way in which the ‘on the ground' managers of development projects tackle some of the particularly sensitive cultural issues. For example, ‘gender issues' are one of Sofa's campaigning points; forever, appropriate gender roles are seen in very different ways in different parts of the world.Pursuing its own ends in terms of, say girls' education, must be balanced against traditional ideas of women's role. Whereas this difficulty may be relatively straightforward to reconcile at a strategic level back in the charity Oxford headquarters, its success depends on how local operations managers deal with the issue at a day-to-day level. Prt A Manger What are the advantages and disadvantages of Prt A Manger organizing itself so that the individual shops make the sandwiches that they sell? There are a number of advantages in this type of organization. The load on the staff in the shop is equalized throughout the day.The demand from customers for purchasing the sandwiches occurs mainly in the middle of the day. If the staff only sold sandwiches, they would be busy in the middle part of the day and unoccupied at other times. The way Prt a Manger organize their processes, the staff can occupy themselves making sandwiches in the early part of the day, then, as the day progresses, staff will progressively move from making to selling. As demand then reduces towards the end f the day, staff will move onto general cleaning and tidying activities as well as making ready for the same cycle of activities to repeat itself the next day.There is clear and direct responsibility for quality, customer service and cost. If there are any problems with quality and availability of sandwiches, it is the same staff who caused the problems who receive customer complaints (In fact, Prt a Manger get very few complaints). Similarly, the effectiveness of cost control can be clearly associated with the staff in the shop. It is a more interesting Job that has a number of different activities (making, selling, cleaning, etc. ) than one where an individual will specialize in Just one of these tasks.It is easier to engender a sense of pride in the high quality and wholesome nature of the products when they are made on the premises. It should be pointed out that there also disadvantages. The main one is that the cost of making sandwiches in a sandwich factory (the way the vast majority of sandwiches are made) is very significantly cheaper because of the higher volume. How can effective operations management at Prt A Manger contribute significantly to its success? And what would the consequences of poor operations management be in this kind of organization?By developing a culture within each store that takes pride in the products themselves, the way they are made and the way customers are served. By listening to customers so that customers' reactions and comments can inform the design of new products. By not wasting materials through poor control, which would increase the cost of running the operation. By developing a sense of fun as well as a sense of commitment in the staff so that customers sense a friendly and laced atmosphere. Two very different hotels in delivering an appropriate level of service?For Formula 1, technology is harnessed in the manufacture of the self-contained bedroom units in the factory prior to assembly on the site. Because of the standardization, conventional factory automation can be used to some extent. More obviously, during the running of normal operations at the hotel, technology, in the form of the automatic ‘booking in' machine at the door, allows the hotel to remain ‘open' even while it is unstained for much of the day. This saves labor. Simi larly, labor is saved by the use of automatic cleaning in the washrooms.This also ensures that high standards of cleanliness are maintained throughout the day, even when the hotel is not staffed. Although not mentioned in the text, Formula 1 hotels also have automatic drinks and snack dispensers, which would allow guests to stave off hunger and thirst even though the hotel does not provide food in a conventional restaurant setting. At the Magus Safari Lodge, very little technology is used. The attraction of the hotel lies in its location and in how their staff treat the guests.Staff must not only be informative and courteous, they will also need to protect and reassure those guests who are anxious in their surroundings and create a sense of adventure (but not too much adventure). 2 What are the main differences in the operations management challenges facing the two hotels? The main difference is the degree of standardization in the operation's processes. For Formula 1, the main use of standardization is in the manufacture of the individual room units. All room units are exactly the same size. Because they all have the same fitting, these fittings can be artsy installed at the factory.This allows the company to buy furniture, curtains, and carpets in high volumes, keeping costs down. The standardized nature of the units also allows the hotel to be constructed quickly (which itself saves costs) using standardized methods of construction that are cheaper than building entirely different hotels at each site. Standardization of rooms also allows a standardized procedure to be adopted for cleaning and maintenance, so staff can be easily trained using a standardized training package. Finally, standardization of the room units, radically, allows all Formula 1 hotels to adapt to the geography of the site.By putting the standard units together, like children's building blocks, they can use unusually shaped pieces of land, which tend to be cheaper than regularly shaped s ites. By contrast, the Magus Safari Lodge provides experiences ‘customized for every visitor's requirements and abilities'. Also, the Magus Safari Lodge must be able to cope with fluctuations in demand through the year. However, Formula 1 try to choose locations that capture the business traveler market during the week and leisure travelers at the weekend.

Free Essays on Canterbury Tales

In the book Canterbury Tales, Geoffrey Chaucer, gives us a stunning tale about a rooster named Chaunticleer. Chaunticleer, who is the King of his domain in his farmland kingdom. Like a King, he quotes passages from intellectuals, dreams vivid dreams, has a libido that runs like a bat out of hell, and is described as a very elegant looking Rooster. He has every characteristic of a person belonging to the upper class. Chaucer's hidden meanings and ideas make us think that the story is about roosters and farm animals, but in reality he is making the Aristocracy of his time period the subject of his mockery by making the reader realize how clueless the Aristocracy can be to the way things are in the real World. Chaucer describes Chaunticleer in many different ways. One of them is his language. Chaunticleer's language is that of a scholar. He quotes many different scriptures in a conversation with Pertelote, such as, Saint Kenelm, Daniel and Joseph (from the bible), and Croesus. From each author he tells a story about an individual who had a vision in a dream and the dream came true. He may have been making all the stories up in order to win the argument with Pertelote, but, this seems unlikely because he does not take heed to his own advice and stay away from the fox that encounters him later. He is educated enough to know these supposed quotations but not intelligent enough to understand the real meaning of them. It is if he simply brings because they help him win the argument with his spouse and not because he actually believes what they say. Chaucer is using the idea that the Aristocracy has schooling throughout their childhood, but it is only done to have seemingly important but empty conversations. His physical appearance is also described with such beautiful passion that it makes us think Chaunticleer is heaven on earth. "His comb was redder than fine coral, and crenellated like a castle wall; his bill was black and shone like jet; hi... Free Essays on Canterbury Tales Free Essays on Canterbury Tales Chaucer’s Best Tale Often times literature can be used as a historical reference providing the reader with an illustration of a culture through stories set in a particular time period. The Canterbury Tales is no exception. Although the stories are fabricated, they show common social issues and provide a view of the life in author Geoffrey Chaucer’s time. Many of his tales have similarities in theme. One of the many recurring points depicted is corruption in the church. When thinking of church in Medieval Europe that first thought likely to come to one’s mine would be something of a conservative, strict and virtuous clergy. The Pardoner’s tale is a depiction of religious fraudulence. It provides and intimate portrayal of a highly respected religious figure who reveals his selfish deceitful and hypocritical nature. It shocks the reader to find that the Pardoner whom people trust to pray for their sin is recklessly sinful himself. In terms of the Pardoner’s position in society, his job as a consists of selling relics, absolving sins, and collecting donations on behalf of the church. His true personality becomes evident when he begins to reveal secrets about his job to the pilgrims. The Pardoner’s Tale is preceded by a prologue in which the he repeats a phrase stating that avarice is the root of all evil (128). But, immediately after he utters this sermon about the dangers of greed, he begins to sell relics. The Pardoner admits that these are powerless, miscellaneous items he has gathered, yet he still scandalously tries to sell them. He claims, however, that these relics are blessed by saints and sells these to the pilgrims for his own financial gain. "Then I bring all my long glass bottles out crammed full of bones and ragged bits of clout. Relics they are, at least for such are know" (126). When it is his turn to tell a tale, the Pardoner first goes on a tangent and reveals more characteristic s about himself which makes th... Free Essays on Canterbury Tales Pilgrim Personalities Each character in â€Å"The Canterbury Tales† has their personality described in the prologue. Later in the book they each tell a story. The character’s personality, lifestyle, interests, intelligence, vocation, and attitudes toward life and people are reflected in their tale. Each pilgrim’s description in the prologue is directly related to the story that they tell. The prioress is a religious well-mannered lady. She sang well at church and â€Å"she was all sentiment and tender heart† (page 6). The prioress sang her tale. It was a religious story about a Christian boy that was murdered in a Jewish neighborhood because he was singing Mary’s song. This tale describes the prioress well because it is a religious inspirational story of a martyr. She told a nice proper story that promoted her religion. The miller is â€Å"a great stout fellow big in brawn and bone† (page 18). He steals grain, is a wrangler, and a buffoon. His story shows exactly the type of person that he is. It’s about trickery, very blunt, and entertaining. Alison is married but is in love with Nicholas. They trick Alison’s husband into believing there will be a flood that will wipe out the human race so that Alison and Nicholas can be together for one night. The knight is â€Å"a most distinguished man† (page 4). He values truth, honor, generousness, and curiosity. He tells a story of Palamon and Arcite who fall in love with the same woman and fight to the death for her. It is a tale of love and adventure, exactly what a knight of this time was looking for. The knight is very educated. In his tale, he knows all about the Roman gods. The pardoner’s â€Å" wallet lay before him on his lap brimful of pardons come from Rome, all hot.† â€Å"And his flatteries and prevarication made monkeys of the priest and congregation† (page 21). This describes the pardoner because in his tale he preaches about gluttony and sin. H... Free Essays on Canterbury Tales In Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales, there are many instances that would suggest that perhaps women are the downfall of men. It could be that contained with in the pages of this literary work is a hidden message of Chaucer’s time that women are evil and cannot help men in any way, or perhaps it is a piece that is just meant to satirize the role of the new women in the world. In either case, it is man’s fatal flaw, that undying love for women that always brings about his own downfall. When faced with the scent of women men always seem to lose all reason and logic. Their brains become mush and immediately resort to their basic primal instincts. For example, in the Knight’s Tale, the carpenter believes the flood. No matter how outlandish or unreal it may seem to the reader, to the man it seems perfectly logical. The man wants to trust whole-heartedly that the women would never deceive him, so when a situation is presented where a lie may be used, the man is blinded by his love. This is also brought about when the carpenter believes the flood. He is also stupefied and dumbfounded and believes anything that women would tell him. This is another example of how women bring about the downfall of men. In addition to losing reason and logic, women also are the biggest cause of male violence. Men continually endanger themselves for love and for the attention of women. In the Knight’s Tale, both Arcita and Palamon fight over a girl that neither of them has met. This shows that no matter how well you know each other, if a woman is in the picture all bets are off. Men are willing to fight to the death for their women and the same cannot be said for the other sex. The other knights that fight for an un-known woman are also subject to the same principle that women bring about their downfall and death. These knights know nothing of the women they are fighting for but agree because it gives them and excuse to resort to male violence. It is amazin... Free Essays on Canterbury Tales Chaucer’s masterpiece, The Canterbury Tales, reflects a very opinionated view of manners and the behaviors of medieval women. Chaucer portrays two extremes of female conduct during this period through the characters of the Prioress and the Wife of Bath. Through the images and descriptions in the poem, the Wife of Bath is representative of a female liberal extremist. On the other end of the spectrum, we have the Prioress, who is a better example of womanhood in the medieval ages. With the use of these contradictory characters, Chaucer shows his viewpoint on how women in society should act, both the right and the wrong ways. To look more closely at the differences we must not go to far, let us look at the â€Å" General Prologue.† Chaucer portrays The Wife of Bath’s physical attributes, saying: â€Å"Gat-toothed was she smoothly for to saye† (line ). Her gap symbolizes her sexual accomplishments and her vast beauty. To farther our vivid image of such a woman we should look to the third stanza of the general prologue, Hir coverchiefs ful fine were ground- I dorste swere they weyeden ten pounds- That on a Sonday weren upon hir heed. Hir hosen weren of fin scarlet red, Ful straite yted , and shoes ful moiste and newe. Bold was her face and fair and reed of hewe. (lines ) This woman is afraid of neither moral questioning nor mockery that goes on before her eyes. IN her attire on Sunday, she wears an enormous hat and hose of scarlet red to call attention to herself on the day of Sabbath. Chaucer describes her as an unattractive woman with her distinguished red face. The Wife of Bath is a radical feminist of her time. Unlike most woman of her era, she was able to make her own decisions, especially when it came to sexuality. Chaucer shows us this through her ongoing conversations with the other travelers, â€Å" Housbonds at church dore she have five† (line ). She is not pure by any means: â€Å"thou hast five housbondes’,... Free Essays on Canterbury Tales Chaunticleer In the book Canterbury Tales, Geoffrey Chaucer, gives us a stunning tale about a rooster named Chaunticleer. Chaunticleer is the King of his domain in his farmland kingdom. Like a King, he quotes passages from intellectuals, dreams vivid dreams, has a libido that runs like a bat out of hell, and is described as a very elegant looking Rooster. He has every characteristic of a person belonging to the upper class. Chaucer's hidden meanings and ideas make us think that the story is about roosters and farm animals, but in reality he is making the Aristocracy of his time period the subject of his mockery by making the reader realize how clueless the Aristocracy can be to the way things are in the real world. Chaucer describes Chaunticleer in many different ways. One of them is his language. Chaunticleer's language is that of a scholar. He quotes many different scriptures in a conversation with Pertelote, such as, Saint Kenelm, Daniel and Joseph (from the bible), and Croesus. From each a uthor he tells a story about an individual who had a vision in a dream and the dream came true. He may have been making all the stories up in order to win the argument with Pertelote, but, this seems unlikely because he does not take heed to his own advice and stay away from the fox that encounters him later. He is educated enough to know these supposed quotations but not intelligent enough to understand the real meaning of them. It is if he simply brings because they help him win the argument with his spouse and not because he actually believes what they say. Chaucer is using the idea that the Aristocracy has schooling throughout their childhood, but it is only done to have seemingly important but empty conversations. His physical appearance is also described with such beautiful passion that it makes us think Chaunticleer is heaven on earth. "His comb was redder than fine coral, and crenellated like a castle wall; his bill was black and shon... Free Essays on Canterbury Tales In the Canterbury Tales written by Geoffrey Chaucer were two poems that are discuss in great detail in learning a lesson. The Pardoner’s Tale, and The Nun’s priest Tale. Both of these poems teaches a lesson, either in a mysterious or adventurous way. People don’t always realize what they are up for, until the actual situation occurs. Today learning from your mistake is a big way for people to realize that what they did was actually not right. And in these two tale’s will show that in order for one to learn, they have to be dealt with the situation. The Pardoner’s Tale, by Chaucer’s famous work, points out many inherent flaws of human nature, all of which still apply today. One can fail to realize the truth in this timeless statement because of its repetition throughout history. Many things have changed since the fourteenth century, but human’s ability to act foolish is not one of them. This poem is a lesson on showing how selfish people can be. The three friends all wanted the gold to themselves so they all tried to figure out a way to have it to themselves, and at the end no one got the gold they all died. In lines 315 to 318 it shows how they all suffered at the end. â€Å" Trust me, ghastlier section to transcend what these two wretches suffered at their end. Thus there two murderers received their due, so did the treacherous young poisoner too†. All of the young three hooligans, got what they deserved; Death came, as it always does, sooner or later. Although the men thought that they were sly, a nd thought that they could threaten him by getting him to tell them where the man was that they wanted to kill. In lines 182 through 188 The old man told them, Well, sirs, he said. â€Å"If it be your design to find out Death, turn up this crooked way towards that grove, I felt him there today under a tree, and there you’ll find him waiting. He isn’t one to hide for all your prating. You see that oak? He won’t be far to fi... Free Essays on Canterbury tales In the book Canterbury Tales, Geoffrey Chaucer, gives us a stunning tale about a rooster named Chaunticleer. Chaunticleer, who is the King of his domain in his farmland kingdom. Like a King, he quotes passages from intellectuals, dreams vivid dreams, has a libido that runs like a bat out of hell, and is described as a very elegant looking Rooster. He has every characteristic of a person belonging to the upper class. Chaucer's hidden meanings and ideas make us think that the story is about roosters and farm animals, but in reality he is making the Aristocracy of his time period the subject of his mockery by making the reader realize how clueless the Aristocracy can be to the way things are in the real World. Chaucer describes Chaunticleer in many different ways. One of them is his language. Chaunticleer's language is that of a scholar. He quotes many different scriptures in a conversation with Pertelote, such as, Saint Kenelm, Daniel and Joseph (from the bible), and Croesus. From each author he tells a story about an individual who had a vision in a dream and the dream came true. He may have been making all the stories up in order to win the argument with Pertelote, but, this seems unlikely because he does not take heed to his own advice and stay away from the fox that encounters him later. He is educated enough to know these supposed quotations but not intelligent enough to understand the real meaning of them. It is if he simply brings because they help him win the argument with his spouse and not because he actually believes what they say. Chaucer is using the idea that the Aristocracy has schooling throughout their childhood, but it is only done to have seemingly important but empty conversations. His physical appearance is also described with such beautiful passion that it makes us think Chaunticleer is heaven on earth. "His comb was redder than fine coral, and crenellated like a castle wall; his bill was black and shone like jet; hi... Free Essays on Canterbury Tales Classic Note on Canterbury Tales The Knight's Tale, Part I: The Knight begins his tale with the story of a prince named Theseus who married Hippolyta, the queen of Scythia, and brought her and her sister, Emelye, back to Athens with him after conquering her kingdom of Amazons. When Theseus returned home victorious, he became aware that there was a company of women clad in black who knelt at the side of the highway, shrieking. The oldest of the women asked Theseus for pity. She told him that she was once the wife of King Cappaneus who was destroyed at Thebes, and that all of the other women with her lost their husbands. Creon, the lord of the town, simply tossed the dead bodies of the soldiers in a single pile and refused to burn or bury them. Theseus swore vengeance upon Creon, and immediately ordered his armies toward Thebes. Theseus vanquished Creon, and when the soldiers were disposing of the bodies they found two young knights, Arcite and Palamon, two royal cousins, not quite dead. Theseus ordered that they be imprisoned in Athens for lif e. They passed their time imprisoned in a tower in Athens until they saw Emelye in a nearby garden. Both fall immediately in love with her. Palamon compares her to Venus, and he prays for escape from the prison, while Arcite claims that he would rather be dead than not have Emelye. The two bicker over her, each calling the other a traitor. This happened on a day in which Pirithous, a prince and childhood friend of Theseus, came to Athens. Pirithous had known Arcite at Thebes, and on his request Theseus set Arcite free on the promise that Arcite would never be found in Theseus' kingdom. He now had his freedom, but not the ability to pursue Emelye, and lamented the cruelty of fate. Palamon, however, envied Arcite, since he could presumably raise an army against Theseus to conquer Athens. The Knight poses this question: which has the worse case: Arcite, who has his freedom but not access to Emely... Free Essays on Canterbury Tales The Canterbury Tale’s Which book do you remember most having to read in high school? I bet it was Geoffrey Chaucer’s â€Å"Canterbury Tales†. This book having 22 tales with in is a classic of the English literature. Written in the early 1300s it is unknown why it was never finished. For the past centuries this book has been challenged and banned by many. The tales to most is a work of art while to some is nothing more than sex and vulgarity on pages. The Canterbury Tales is classified as one of the hundredths of literary arts to be listed as a banned book. The following is a summery of the novel, who were the ones responsible for its banning, and for what reason it is banned. The Canterbury tales is a compilation of stories set within a framing story of a pilgrimage to Canterbury. In medieval time, citizens from varying social groups would gather at the Tabard Inn to set forth there pilgrimage to Canterbury, for the blessings of St. Thomas’s Becket , an English martyr. The group ranging in status from a Knight to a humble Plowman, are a sample of the 14th-century English society. Included in the pilgrimage is Chaucer himself. The host of the Tabard Inn suggest that in order to make the pilgrimage more interesting, each should tell tales on the way to Canterbury and on there return. It is agreed that the person who tells the best tale should be rewarded dinner at the Tabard Inn courtesy of the group. The first to tell his story is the Knight. His story is about knights, honor and love. After the knight’s story, the host requests the monk to tell one, but is rudely interrupted by the miller. The Miller tells a story about a stupid carpenter that is fooled by his promiscuous young wife. This story insults the Reeve, because he used to be a carpenter, and follows by telling a tale that insults the Miller. The Reeve’s story is about a dishonest miller who in the end is revenged by two college stud... Free Essays on Canterbury Tales The Squire is the son of the Knight. He’s about the age of 20 with curly hair and is kind of feminine. He writes poems and stories along with playing the flute and wearing clothes with flowers on them (a â€Å"gown†). However, he does joust and he is quite the ladies man. After all this time and walking, I think it’s my turn to tell a tale. Listen closely for you will be able to learn the true meaning of love. There was once a common man they called Gilbert. No matter how common, he was a man of life and beauty. Gilbert never sat around waiting for the next day to arise but rather he got an early start to fix his problems or do what needed to be done. Ava, his next-door neighbor since they were kids and also the princess, was the apple of his eye. She too was a high achiever. Even though Gilbert was not of royalty, he and Ava saw each other enough because his dad was a good friend of the King. They were always teaching each other about what they knew such as camping and fishing or being primp and proper. Whatever the case, it brought them close and they were very important to one another. As time progressed, so did Gilbert’s love and feelings for Ava. He never told her how he felt because they were only friends and it wouldn’t matter anyway because Ava was a princess. That’s when the news was told. An arranged marriage was made for Ava and Price Dillon. Di llon was not only one of the best-known men around but one of the best jousters around and had always carried Ava’s heart. Crushing Gilbert’s heart, he confessed his true feelings. Ava refused to see him anymore and they didn’t speak for weeks at a time. When they did, they couldn’t bear it and just walked away from each other. A full year was past and all that was left were the memories. She was to be married in 2 weeks, and that’s when the breakdown began. What no one knew was that Ava wasn’t really crazy about Dillon, it was Gilbert... Free Essays on Canterbury Tales The Miller's Tale is a humorous story about a love triangle of three men and one woman. Chaucer exemplified many themes throughout this tale that people can relate to in today’s society. For instance, the main themes are love, scandal, and sex. People fall in love everyday in this world because they think they’ve met their match. Scandal is unfortunately a typical behavior practiced in society now. Lastly, sex is part of life now-a-days and very popular to people living in America. There was a man, John, and his wife, Alison who took boarders to live with them. The old man was a wealthy carpenter; however, he wasn’t very smart. John’s wife, Alison, is described as young, beautiful, and full of joy at the young age of eighteen. Chaucer states it better when he writes, â€Å"Jealous he was and held her close in cage. For she was wild and young, and he was old, And deemed himself as like to be cuckold.† John is jealous when Alison socializes with other men because he is afraid he will lose her. Unfortunately, a poor scholar, by the name of Nicholas, comes to their home to live with the couple. Nicholas is described as sly, meek, and well-versed in love. The plot begins when Nicholas falls in love with Alison. He tries to win her heart, but she refuses because she wants to be faithful to her husband. Soon after, she admits that she loves him and they agree that they have to make a plan to get rid of her husband. Alison feels as though she is too young to be tied down to an old man like John. As a result, she begins to sleep with Nicholas behind her husband’s back. One day Nicholas and Alison wanted to spend the night alone so Nicholas decides to trick John into leaving the house. He tells John that he is studying astrology and found out that there will be a downpour equal to Noah’s flood. Nicholas tell John to get three tubs so they can use as boats. John believed him and did as he said. That night, the three ...